Page 3 - Practical-Refraction-English

Summary Summary Introduction p.5 1 Emmetropia, Ametropia, Presbyopia and their correction A Emmetropia p.6 B Ametropia p.7 1) Myopia 2) Hypermetropia 3) Astigmatism C Near Vision, Accommodation and Presbyopia p.9 Supplement: The Optical Principles of the Correction of Ametropia and Presbyopia p.10 Supplement: Equipment p.12 Practical Refraction 2 Preliminary Examination A Case History p.13 B Preliminary Investigations p.14 Supplement: Visual Acuity p.17 3 Objective Refraction A Auto-Refractometry p.19 B Retinoscopy p.20 4 Subjective Refraction – Distance Vision A Determining the Sphere p.22 B Determining the Cylinder - using the objective refraction or previous prescription as a starting point p.24 - without prior knowledge of the refraction p.26 Supplement: Estimating the Refractive Error from the Level of Uncorrected Vision, The Jackson Cross Cylinder, The Duochrome Test, The Pinhole p.30 C Binocular Balance p.32 D Final Check of Binocular Sphere, Subjective Appreciation and Comfort (including Binocular Vision Screening) p.34 3 Copyright © 2008 ESSILOR ACADEMY EUROPE, 13 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France - All rights reserved – Do not copy or distribute.